Clouds over the east coast of Borneo [at 1.0 degree S, 109.3 E, altitude 5900 m, 1453 local time on 6 Dec 1978 during the Winter Monsoon Experiment, looking north. The left-eye picture (L) was taken 5 seconds after the right-eye picture (R). The presentation is LRL]. Most of the low clouds were over land surfaces of the coast. The photographs indicate that there was little change of the wind through the upper half of the atmosphere. The clouds did not occupy as much space as is suggested by just a single photograph. Note the fine structures of little wisps of cloud.
Stereo Photography for everyone
Charles Warner 21 Nov 2008
keywords: cloud stereo photography, stereo cards, meteorology, monsoons, Turkey, Cappadocia, Yellowstone, Peru, Machu Picchu
Contact details appear at the end.
After a short introduction we start with
viewing stereo-pairs. There follow stereos of
plants,
people, ..,
buildings,
rock formations and
clouds. Case studies of winter monsoon clouds appear on the page
jetsamoocow.clara.co.uk/page2.html (29 Dec 78), and the smaller page
jetsamoocow.clara.co.uk/page3.html (17 Dec 78); then follows "Convective sweepers", a page named
jetsamoocow.clara.co.uk/bay.html. These pages are to let meteorologists gain familiarity by clicking rapidly through many examples.
Finally we consider
taking stereo-pairs, and
mounting them, which requires care.
After showing a photo of our dog
Jet, an offer is made of some small
stereo cards to facilitate learning to see stereos. My
curriculum vitae follows.
Most people are capable of seeing stereo-pair pictures without the aid of a stereoscope or other device. This site is to show how to view stereos and how to take your own stereo-pair photographs. No special abilities are required for stereo photography. Stereo-pair pictures allow one the excitement of seeing the hitherto unseen, and it amazes me that they are so little known. I offer some small stereo cards to help.
Try this. Sit down with your newspaper. Have a waste basket two metres away. Read your newspaper from the middle outwards. As you finish each double page spread screw it up into a ball and throw it carefully at the waste basket. How many times did you score a hit? If the answer is none I am sad; this may not be for you. Maybe you should give up and forget the whole thing. If you are determined to hit it - fine: on we go. To hit the the basket with the balls of newspaper you throw with the muscles of your arm. When you throw a glance at something you throw with the muscles of your eyes. To see 3D, stereo pair, pictures, throw with the muscles of your eyes in a way slightly different from the usual. Note how complicated it is to throw an ordinary glance. Each of your two eyes has to be pointed at the object, and each eye has to be focused on the object. Four different functions are coordinated. We normally get so good at this kind of throwing that we can switch glances instantly, and follow moving objects. The brain co-ordinates the muscles and locks on with ease.
We have situations where a person says "I'm no good at figures" and the reply is "That
goes for lots of people"; or "I can't stay on a bicycle!"; "No, really? (Pitiful!)". If a person says "I can't see stereo-pairs" the reply should be "How sad; what a shame". Potential applications are illustrated here. One would not think of going on holiday wearing a patch over one eye. Holiday memories are two-eyed. Yet collections of holiday photos are generally one-eyed! First we have to get used to seeing stereos.
VIEWING STEREO-PAIRS
If you have not seen stereos before, try the line drawing
of the shark seen below. A 'left-eye' view of this creature is shown on the
left, and a 'right-eye' view on the right. The conditioned reflex required
involves seeing one of the pictures with one of your eyes, the other with the
other.
Lower your head towards the middle of the drawing
until it is close to your eyes. Relax all your eye muscles (breathe out). Allow your eyes to see three blurred sharks, the middle one slightly bigger than the
two outer ones. Forget the two outer ones on the edge of your field of view.
Just look at the middle shark. Now slowly move your head away to a comfortable
distance. If necessary, roll your head a little from side to side to get alignment. The middle shark will come into focus. How many fish does the shark
get? He gets just the middle fish. The other two fish are further away from the
snapping jaws.
That is 'relaxed-eye' viewing. The largest picture size
cannot exceed the separation of the viewer's eyes, roughly 6 cm. 'Cross-eye'
viewing enables one to see big pictures. Stereo-pairs shown here are generally presented this way. Look at the left picture with your right eye, and vice
versa. Crank in the muscles which point the eyes as though squinting at
something close up, but keep the focusing muscles more relaxed, as appropriate
for normal comfortable focusing. Concentrate on the middle image, and
allow it to come into focus. (The escaping fish are now seen to be nearer
to the viewer, rather than further away.) Once you have discovered the
conditioned reflex, cross-eye viewing is simply like flicking a switch from
normal to stereo settings. The brain locks on to the stereo. (back)
STEREOS OF PLANTS
This Alexandra rose is a good subject for a stereo because its petals have intricate curves and they are arranged in a compact group which stands out well from the background. Thus they are easy for the brain to latch on to. Natural roses have only 5 petals. This is a hybrid. The pair on the left is for relaxed-eye viewing; the pair on the right for cross-eye: The trio features two of the left-eye view with a right-eye view in the
middle (LRL).
Relaxed-eye viewing demands presentation at small size. Accepting this limitation, members of www.stereoscopicsociety.org.uk produce very fine relaxed-eye stereos. Where large size is deemed highly desirable, only cross-eye stereos are presented. One looks chiefly to young people here. The seeing of cross-eye stereos is not generally difficult. It does generally take time to learn the conditioned reflex.
Mountain Laurel (kalmia latifolia) on Trayfoot Mountain, Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, USA.
Pink buds with ten-fold symmetry open into goblet-shaped white flowers.
Wild honeysuckle in Shenandoah National Park
Wildflowers at Olympos on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey near Antalya. What are they? It is difficult to try to discriminate between possible alternatives to be found in an ordinary one-eye wildflower guide. Oh that we had lots of stereo wildflower guide books!
The size of the views LRL is small enough to allow relaxed-eye viewing of the LR pair on the left. Presentation of only the cross-eye pair RL allows for larger size, the better to perceive the flowers:
Birch bark in the Adirondack mountains of upper New York State, USA. The bark of the tree shows up nicely. The central vertical is relatively easy to hold and bring into focus. The peelings of paper thin bark stand out clearly. It seems that one could touch them. Why is the bark black at the top of the picture? How often do we look through botanical books for identification of a plant, and find that the evidence is not quite good enough to be sure? Single pictures of tree bark often do not help much.
A descending branch of Noble fir (Abies Procera) with the bole of the tree on the left. Behind it, redder in colour, is the bole of a Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron Giganteum). Thirlestane Court, 1997
This thistle, on Stave Island in the St Lawrence River, Ontario, is relatively difficult for the brain to acquire because it is hidden in the grass. How many leaves has it? [Six, counting a small one just right of centre. The nearest leaf has been damaged] (back)
STEREOS FROM LIFE
Most of these portraits were taken with a beam splitter fitted to the front of my old Pentax camera. This divided the frame into two halves, corresponding to two eyes 7 cm apart.
An Exmoor pony of the National Trust in the Devil's
Punch Bowl, Surrey. The left pair is for relaxed-eye viewing, the right pair for
cross-eye. His fur is rather rough and bits of breakfast hay are on his back.
Caragh and Sinead Hunter on a child's swing (March 1997)
Mrs Priti Patel glowing with the good health of her pregnancy (March 1997)
Red Admiral butterfly settled on Horse Mint. The picture was taken in the ordinary way, not with a beam splitter. The butterfly moved just a little, so the portrait is not perfect. It does show the size and shape of the creature, and how it relates to the mint.
Venus de Milo at the Louvre in Paris. The statue was found in 1820 by a peasant on the Greek island of Melos, or Milo, in the Mediterranean halfway between Athens and Crete. It was sold to the French government for £240. The fine details are well captured in stereo. The skin appears wonderfully smooth.
Jo Ann is a 1912 Aveling Porter agricultural engine belonging to Mrs Janet Rowland, kept as part of a magnificent collection of steam engines at Hollycombe Steam and Woodland Garden Society at Iron Hill near Liphook, Hampshire [June 1997]. Jason Hooker on the left was receiving driving instructions from David Dawtry; they kindly agreed to remain stationary for long enough for me to take the two views, separated by three steps sideways. This picture, where Jo Ann is lit by diffuse light, is slightly better than a pair I took of John Day and Michael Oldham in direct sunlight. (back)
STEREOS OF BUILDINGS
The Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, is a straightforward subject for a stereo pair. The solid quality of the building, in local stone typical of Oxford, is pleasingly conveyed in stereo. The Observatory is modeled on the Tower of the Winds, Athens, and was built around 1783. The balustrade comes out clearly, and one can see through the east window to the west window on the other side. Around the top of the octagonal tower are figures representing the winds.
The Taj Mahal, 200 km south of Delhi on the Yamuna river, was of equal status with Delhi in the 16th and 17th centuries, the time of the Moghul emperors. Shahajan built the Taj as a permanent resting place for his wife Mumtaz Mahal, who died in 1630 after giving birth to her fourteenth child. The stereo shows the octagonal tower, and three of the five domes upon it (with part of a fourth dome obscured); also the four surrounding minarets.
Thirlestane Court was built around 1896 for the watercolour artist W. Biscombe Gardner. The view is towards NW.
August 2003. A few years before, the roof of the S wing of Thirlestane Court had been rebuilt. This view is towards SSE. Fine details may be seen, both close by and among the distant trees.
Squares feature in the structure of Stratford Hall, the family home of the Confederate general Robert E. Lee. This plantation is in the northern neck of Virginia between the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers. It was completed about 1830. The four-fold chimney with arches and balustrades is remarkable, also the big staircase leading up to the door.
Machu Picchu, Peru, "was built as a royal hacienda for Inca Yupanqui- Pachacuti- during his reign (1438-1471)" according to a notice in the Museo Inka in Cuzco. Here is the first sight of it (by Lee Chandler) on approach along the Inca Trail, shortly after passing through the Sun gate Intipunku. In the background is the tower of the Intihuatana or "Hitching Post of the Sun".
Machu Picchu, at altitude around 2430 m, seen from near the top of Huayna Picchu (2640 m). [A small cloud was passing at the time of the right-eye view.] Note how the ground falls precipitously to the right (west) and somewhat more gradually to the east (left). The modern bus station is at left, below the incoming Inca Trail.
Machu Picchu, seen on the approach along the Inca Trail (by Joy Jonstone). To the north, Huayna Picchu is in the background; the trail up it may be discerned on its west side, on the left.
Taken first, the right-eye view was rotated slightly and trimmed; taken 10 min later at the point on the Inca Trail where the trees below it end, the left-eye view was reduced before mounting. The view from above shows that the base line, the Inca Trail, was far from normal to directions of view. The brain compensates for distortions, and allows inclusion of parts of the pictures not covered in stereo.
The southern part of Machu Picchu looking north. The Hut of the Caretaker of the Funerary Rock is perched high up in the background. Many of the buildings in the foreground of this view appear in the foreground of the previous view, but are seen from the opposite direction.
Lower buildings of Winay Wayna ("Forever Young", around 2700 m), close to Machu Picchu
Buildings and terraces of Winay Wayna; the Rio Urubamba below.
Details of buildings of Winay Wayna. Note the trapezoidal doorway and the little stone pegs.
Curved walls of Phuyu Pata Marca ("Cloud-level Town", around 3600 m). Of the late Inca style, the site is treated in "The Inca Trail" by Richard Danbury (and Alexander Stewart).
The Inca Trail passes just below the little tambo or way station Concha Marca, nearly hidden by trees. On a small (unplanned) baseline, the right-eye view was by Joy Jonstone.
The Inca settlement Patallacta (2700 m), down where the Rio Cusichaca (included here) flows into the Urubamba. The Inca Trail is seen ascending at right. Hugh Thomson presents modern views of Peruvian history in his book "The White Rock". The left-eye view was taken by Joy Jonstone.
Sacsayhuaman, above Cuzco. Note the layered fortifications. Upper level structures were destroyed.
Hierapolis was a cure centre that prospered under the Romans and Byzantines (Turkey, Lonely Planet Guide).
A Lycian tomb on the island of the village of Kalekoy (by the ancient city of Simena), Turkey. Compare the nearby coastal topography of Kekova, below.
A tower of tuff (consolidated volcanic ash) in the Rose Valley, Cappadocia, Turkey. Such towers are placed under Buildings because early inhabitants carved out dwellings within them: -
Frescos within a church inside rock (not the tower above) in the Rose Valley, Cappadocia
A church inside rock - Goreme Museum, Turkey. Imperfections at upper right are tolerated to see the delicate shaping of the walls. (back)
STEREOS OF ROCK FORMATIONS
More towers of tuff in the Rose Valley, Cappadocia, Turkey. The green colour resulted from oxidation.
Travertine, calcium carbonate, shelves at Pamukkale, Turkey. The curative mineral waters led the Romans to build the spa city Hieropolis. Hazy: December 2007
Overhanging Cliff, at Tower in the north of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming [August 1971]. Here we see vertical grain structures with pieces chipped away to leave jagged surfaces. The merits of stereo-pairs for documentation become clear. It is much easier to present a stereo-pair such as this than to try to describe the structures of the layers with single photogaphs plus drawings and dimensions. Such pictures would be useful for recordings of strata laid bare during archaeology.
Interesting stereo-pairs can often be taken among mountains, at lesser or greater scales. A baseline of about 10 m is available on Old Rag Mountain, Virginia, an outlier from the Blue Ridge of the Appalachian mountains. The rounded shapes of the rocks contrast with the delicate branches of the trees growing from crevices between them.
In northeastern Wyoming, Yellowstone Lake at 2360 m lies just south of the Continental Divide. Draining it to the north is the Yellowstone River. It cuts through the spectacular Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. The whole area of Yellowstone National Park is underlain by crust which is rather thin, and there are hydrothermal features the like of which are to be found elsewhere only in Iceland and New Zealand. The Lower Falls, 94 m high, at the head of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone are shown in the stereo-pair, taken near Artist's Point about 1 km to the east, on the south rim of the Canyon [August 1971]. A baseline of roughly 100 m was available for taking the left and right-eye views. The rock is rhyolite, a form of rather viscous and frothy lava containing 70% silica. Orange and yellow coloring is due to the presence of iron. Durability is variable, and erosion has left innumerable fine structures in the walls of the Canyon, readily appreciated in stereo. The water of the river is clear. Its green color is due to algae and moss growing on the rocks of the river bed.
Half Dome (2700 m) in Yosemite National Park, California [June 1982]. It is seen looking east from Glacier Point at a distance of 4 km. Glacier Point affords just enough walking space, a few hundred meters, to give a suitable baseline for a left and a right-eye view. The valley of the Merced River is down to the left. Glacial ice carved through weaker sections of the granite, scouring out the rock but leaving harder portions intact, and enlarging the canyon that the river had carved through successive uplifts of the Sierra. The sharpness of the edges and the smoothness of the dome is most striking, as though it were a piece of cheese.
Phil Wharmby, and Lou Van Zwanenberg and Joy Jonstone, standing by a canyon related to the Yauca fault close to the Pan American highway on the Pacific coast of Peru
Chivay, Peru, local centre near the Cruz del Condor. Situated at altitude 3630 m in a broad valley, the town is well above the Rio Colca in its canyon. Photos by Lee Chandler
Hills NW of Puno, Peru, bordering Lake Titicaca (3810 m). An old steamship lies here:
Lee Chandler photographed this ship with a telephoto lens.
The granite peak of Huayna Picchu, Peru (2640 m), approaching from Machu Picchu. The trail for its ascent goes across the front of this view and up the left - west - side.
Turkish coastal topography at Kekova on the Mediterranean. Stereo viewing is essential here. (back)
STEREOS OF CLOUDS
Cumulus clouds over the foothills of south central Alberta [looking NNE from a Cessna aircraft of Intera Environmental Consultants at altitude 5200 m above ground, 1813 local time 2 August 1976]. A rising cumulus tower must be accompanied by compensating subsidence somewhere. The picture implies that this occurs mostly locally, at least for clouds of modest size: the appearance of the rings of cloud remnants implies that they were held in place by weak stable layers, then pushed aside by air moving sideways and downwards out of the way of the new cumulus. The lower ring might mark the crest of a gravity wave expanding radially, but the texture and details appear to deny this. Viewed ordinarily the the young tower looks quite continuous. Stereo viewing shows that nodules of cloud were separated by clear air. (Compare F. P. Bretherton and P. K. Smolarkiewicz, JAS, 15 Mar 89, 46, 740-59)
Cumulus over the plains of Alberta southeast of Red Deer, at altitude 4600 m [August 1976]. A typical young tower is shown on the left. The anvil has spread out from its predecessors. It has an upper sunlit layer, and another separate thin layer in shadow. Below flight level there is another layer at which cumulus towers have been spreading out. At bottom right may be seen smaller clouds far below close to the ground. The two views were taken as fast as I was able - a second or two - to give a baseline of about 100 m. I used a lens of focal length 28 mm, and a polarizing filter to darken the sky.
Cumulus and stratocumulus over the Andes, and icy mountain tops in clear air, seen looking south about halfway between Cuzco and Puerto Maldonado, Peru (photos by Lee Chandler, July 2008). Fine structure may be seen through the depth of the cloud layer. Ice free mountains penetrated the cloud layer. Above the levels of icy mountain tops, the stratocumulus seen in the background appears to have been at close to flight level. Note also confinement in the vertical of haze &/or smoke.
An isolated cumulonimbus over the Bay of Bengal [at 11.6 degrees N, 90 E, altitude 9100 m, 1520 local time on 5 July 1979 during the Summer Monsoon Experiment, looking WSW]. A monsoon depression was growing vigorously 800 km to the north; this cloud was situated in the westerly monsoon flow in the central Bay. The partial stereo shows that much of the cloud consisted of streamers of precipitation. At the top there were small (shallow) cumuliform towers, and slender cumulus towers may be seen at low levels. This pair of pictures shows a variety of fine structures.
Tall cumulus [at 22.4 degrees N, 88.5 E, altitude 4300 m, 1724 local time on 5 July 1979, looking WSW] seen on approaching Calcutta. The vigorous circulation of the monsoon depression was to the east and south (see the page bay.html). Note the haze at low levels, and thin layers of stratus.
Cumulus towers west of Sumatra [at 5.4 degrees N, 93 E, altitude 7470 m, 1424 local time on 9 Dec 1978, looking W] seen during a circumnavigation of the island during the Winter Monsoon Experiment (WMONEX). The highest tower had just pushed its way upwards, displacing air in its way. A thin layer of moist air had condensed in this displaced air, to form a curved cap of pileus cloud. Note in stereo the variety in textures and heights of high clouds. Note evidence of light winds from the surface upwards (confirmed by soundings).
Clouds over the South China Sea [at 12.2 degrees N, 116 E, altitude 7800 m, 1650 local time on 11 Dec 1978 during WMONEX, looking W]. During the winter monsoon air from the cold land mass of Asia flows out over the South China Sea and heads southwestwards towards the area of Borneo and Singapore. It starts out cold and dry. On its way it gradually picks up heat and moisture from the underlying sea. Millions of tiny cumulus clouds are involved. Larger cumulus progressively increase in numbers; the moist layer deepens. Near the Equator much of this flow finally rises in tall cumulonimbus of the Intertropical Convergence Zone.
The left-eye picture was taken 5 seconds after the right-eye picture, while keeping the clouds in the field of view of the camera as we flew past, judging the right moment to click the camera shutter for the second view. The aircraft covered the ground at 170 m/s (380 mph), so the delay yielded a baseline of 850 m. The little cumulus tend to be aligned in rows (called cloud streets) along the direction of the wind near the surface. At this level the monsoon flow was fastest (about 15 m/s or 34 mph). Higher up the winds were not so strong. The clouds tilted backwards - to the right in the picture - because they rose into slower-moving air. They evaporated slowly, finally from little patches of stratus. It was hazy near the surface; visibility was much greater at flight altitude. (Compare this to a similar view taken a day later)
Clouds over the South China Sea [at 8.8 degrees N, 112.9 E, altitude 6500 m, 1118 local time on 30 Dec 1978 during the Winter Monsoon Experiment] looking N [towards azimuth 350 degrees]. Mounted on the left, the right-eye picture was taken hastily first, looking aft out of a starboard side window as the aircraft flew southwestwards. The clouds were close by, and the left-eye picture, better aimed, was taken without much delay. The right-eye picture was reduced in size to compensate for the change in range between the two views.
The surface winds were about 7.5 m/s from 010 degrees, from about N. The shallow cloud streets were along about (300,120) degrees azimuth - across the wind. Confined below a dry stable layer based at about 1400 m, the loosely organized waves of cumulus humilis were oriented along about (260/080) degrees. Note also the slopes of the cumulus humilis, related to the vertical shear of the wind. The relatively rare and complicated arrangement of clouds was overpassed by the aircraft very quickly; hence the haste in recording it. A pattern like this was recorded at 1504 on 17 Dec. The tropical oceans show a great variety of patterns still to be explored and understood.
Clouds over the Java Sea [at 3.8 degrees S, 109.4 E, altitude 3500 m, 1257 local time on 6 Dec 1978, looking WSW on azimuth 255]. In this near equatorial location the clouds were nearly vertical, showing that vertical shear of the wind was slight. There were several distinct stable layers at which fragments of cloud came to rest. Note directionality near the surface (at about 255+75 = 330); and shear of the little humilis at bottom right from about 255-50-180 = 25 degrees azimuth. It seems that near-surface winds were from roughly 330, backing with height. Fine structure in the cirrus aloft is noteworthy.
One can take stereo pairs of clouds from the ground. Instead of flying past them in an aircraft one can wait for them to drift by in the wind. This stereo pair was taken looking north from Grayswood Hill in Surrey [1015 GMT, 14 April 1990]. The motion of dense white clouds was from WSW (determined by watching their movement). The altocumulus cloud drifted more slowly across the field of view, so its greater height is revealed in the picture. When taking pictures like these the camera should be aimed directly across the direction of motion of the most interesting clouds. The interval between taking the pictures should be such that the clouds change in direction by about 4 degrees. The camera should be aimed continuously at the center of interest. If the wait is too long, the clouds may evolve too much. I waited 24 seconds in this case. (back)
TAKING STEREO-PAIRS
is easy. It does not require accurate work. Take the left-eye picture; move sideways so that the object of
interest changes in direction from you by roughly 4 degrees (just as though you
were looking at an object on a table), then take the right-eye picture. Keep
aiming at the object of interest and keep the camera level. Slight inaccuracy
does not matter. The final stereo has greater resolution than each individual
picture. If one has a digital camera with resolution x dots per square mm, the
stereo will be seen with better resolution than this, because one is
synthesizing two overlapping images. It does not matter if the exposure or the
focus of one of the views differs slightly from that of the other. Don't worry: be happy.
The only aspect of stereo-pair photography which calls
for special care is the mounting of the two views side by side, after prints have been made, as shown in the diagram below:
How to align (with the horizon) and trim
(along the dotted lines) a stereo-pair
After placing the two views side by side, they can be
moved up and down relative to one another, and also rotated as shown by the
arrows A and B. The horizon should be aligned across the two views. Adjustments
should be made until the result feels optimal when viewed in stereo. Precision
is not vitally important. Having settled the relative placement of the two
views, trimming top and bottom should be parallel to the horizon. Trimming at
the sides should be such as to exclude material not present in both views, to
make the views as small in width as possible, concentrating on the object of
interest. (Significant improvement can come from changing slightly the magnification of one of the pictures if the object of interest is at different ranges in the two views.)
This website uses www.google.com/analytics. Google Inc will record users' activities (see GA terms of service, 8.1)
Gale Rhodes gives an eloquent introduction to stereo viewing - essential for structural chemists - at spdbv.vital-it.ch/TheMolecularLevel/0Help/StereoView.html
Boris Starosta presents superb
cross-eye art work at www.starosta.com/stereo.html
Images of Mars may be found at www.stereoscopy.com/mars/
See Tony Bignell's moving bevel gears at www.users.bigpond.com/biggers/stereo/crosseye/spiralbevC.html
It may be necessary to change the size of your Display,
or print them, to see some of these stereos. In Windows, this is accomplished
with Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings-Viewport Area; having chosen this
area, minimize (-) the Control Panel so as to retain its availability.
Beyond the many practical aspects of stereo viewing - I suggest
a new religion. Each of us individually should Care
for the whole planet rather than just self, family or nation. As we become more
knowledgeable about ourselves and other creatures I expect that we shall perceive our true place in
the world: that we are more developed and complicated, but no more special than other creatures. I think that the anthropocentric view that mankind is unique should be abandoned; and that instead of worship of authority, we should think for ourselves and lead by example. Stereo viewing enhances awareness of the wonders of nature.
Jet (1936-52) was our family Black labrador dog. In his
old age he became rather ponderous and slow. My father used to get giggles out
of his young family by the disrespectful suggestion "Jet's a moo
cow". The exclamation "Jetsamoocow!" can mean "Truly an Expert in her Field! Wonderful!" or alternatively "Not really very bright. Not easily to be moooved" (back)
Illustrated below, small cards like bookmarks measuring about 105 by 55 mm, to facilitate learning, can be provided
at £1 each (or US$2), to be snailmailed on receipt of your choice of card(s), a postal address and payment via www.paypal.com. A cover charge of £2 per order (US$4) is for postage and administration (minimum total: £5~$10). Thank you. (back)
clouds
rose
Radcliffe
pony
birch
Old Rag
Charles Warner: Curriculum Vitae
Date of birth: 1 August 1938. Nationality: British. Marital status: Single
Work experience and education
Lately: Reading, writing and arithmetic
Jan - Apr 01: Research on rain with T. N. Krishnamurti at Florida State University, Tallahassee
Sept 87 - Jan 90: Senior
Scientific Officer at the Meteorological Office
Worked on the UK weather
radar network
Jan 87 - Mar 87: Supply teacher
of mathematics. Woolmer Hill School, Haslemere
Nov 84 – June 86: Research assistant in satellite meteorology at the Hooke Institute
for Atmospheric Research, the University of Oxford
Mar 77 – Aug 84: Research assistant professor. Cloud photogrammetry
at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville
July 75 – Mar 77: Research associate. Studies of Alberta hailstorms
at McGill University, Montreal
Mar 72 – July 75: Post-doctoral
research fellow. Radar meteorology at the
Dept. of Electronic &
Electrical Engineering, the University of Birmingham, UK
Feb 66 – Feb 72: Student and
research assistant at McGill University, Montreal.
Ph.D. 1971: Visual and radar aspects of large convective storms
M.Sc. 1967: Measurement of snowfall by optical attenuation
Sept 65 – Jan 66: Crossed the
Atlantic under sail, with three others
Sept 63 – Sept 65: Research
metallurgist. Studied compounds of Platinum at
Johnson Matthey Research
Labs., Wembley
1960 - 1963: St. John’s College,
Cambridge. Natural Sciences Tripos
Part I (1962): Class II Division I
Part
II (1963): Class II Division II in Metallurgy
B.A.(Hons). M.A. awarded in
1967
1956 – 1961: Saunders-Roe
Limited, East Cowes, Isle of Wight,
and Isle of Wight Technical
College
Completed apprenticeship in Mechanical Engineering
Obtained ONC
(1957) and HNC (1959) of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
1951 – 1956: Student at Radley
College, Abingdon. Mathematics and Physics to ‘A’ level
Professional Memberships
Fellow, Royal Meteorological
Society
Member, American Meteorological Society
Member, American
Geophysical Union
Prize
The 1983 James Paton Memorial Prize of the Royal
Meteorological
Society, Scottish Branch, for photographs published in the
article
‘Stereo-pair photographs of cumulus clouds’, Weather, 38,
178-182.(back)
Refereed publications (plus selected reports: good homes are sought for factual reports dating from 1982-6; also for MONEX data and cloud photo collections, with a view to continuation of this kind of work)
Stereo-pair photographs from a surface vantage point. Weather, 61, 135-6, 2006.
Entropy sources in equilibrium conditions over a tropical ocean. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 1588-1600. 2005.
Stereo-pair photographs of clouds. Weather, 58, 84-9.
2003. [Compare with the hailstorm described in Wave patterns .., 1976. Common to these two cases was a shallow layer of great stability]
Rings of a beech tree and a Norway spruce compared with
climate. Weather, 50, 73-80. 1995.
A Short History of Witley. Witley Parish Council – Official Guide.
Feb. 1993.
Stereo-pair photographs of cirrus cloud. Weather, 42, 373.
1987.
International Cloud Atlas. Volume II. W. M. O. Plates 153 and 156.
1987.
LEO – Low Equatorial Orbiter. Weather, 41, 388-93. 1986.
Microwave brightness temperature statistics, near the UK; finding cloud and rain. Oxford University, Dept. of Atmospheric Physics. 16pp + maps. 1986. [Many seasonal maps of North Atlantic data from MSU 1-4; original methods for fitting Gaussian curves to truncated histograms]
Satellite observations of a monsoon depression. Final report to NASA under grant NAG5-297. 54 + 17pp. 1984. NTIS PB84-212059 (Fig. 38 later corrected). Natnl. Tech. Info. Service, Box 1425, Springfield VA 22151, USA. [MSU and SMMR compared with diverse other data]
Satellite observations of a monsoon depression. 15th Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, 9-13 Jan., 1984. Miami, FL. Boston, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 386-93. [Who will follow this line using AMSU ?]
Stereo-pair photographs of monsoon clouds. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,
65, 344-7. 1984.
Aircraft measurements of convective draft cores in MONEX. J. Atmos.
Sci., 41, 430-8.
1984. Lead author with D. P. McNamara.
Cloud distributions in a Bay of Bengal monsoon depression. Mon. Wea.
Rev., 112,
153-72. 1984. Lead author with R. H. Grumm.
Core structure of a Bay of Bengal monsoon depression. Mon. Wea. Rev.,
112,
137-52. 1984. (on p 144 read 1.7 not 2.6 and 0.9 not 1.7)
Stereo-pair photographs of cumulus clouds. Weather, 38, 178-82.
1983.
Cloud maps for 20 June 1979 over the Arabian Sea: Summer MONEX. Report to the National Science Foundation under Grants ATM-8210128 and 8012214. Charlottesville, Univ. of Virginia. 11pp. 1983. [Triangular track; layers of stratus; draft cores and soundings]
Cloud maps for 24 June 1979 over the Arabian Sea: Summer MONEX. Report to the National Science Foundation under Grants ATM-8210128 and 8012214. Charlottesville, Univ. of Virginia. 47pp. 1982. NTIS PB84-231108. [Characteristics of individual cumulus; maps; number densities and area coverages; recordings of short and long wave fluxes of radiation]
Mesoscale features and cloud organization on 10-12 December over the South
China Sea.
J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1619-41. 1982. [The data are not inconsistent with inflection point instability (Brown 1970)]
Photogrammetry from aircraft side camera movies: Winter MONEX. J.
Appl.Meteor.,
20, 1516-26. 1981.
Multiscale analysis of low-level vertical fluxes on day 261 of GATE. J.
Atmos. Sci., 38, 1964-76.
1981. Junior author with W. M. Frank and G. D.
Emmitt.
Comments following “Observations of two Colorado thunderstorms by means of a
zenith-pointing Doppler radar”: a wall chart of a severe storm.
J.
Appl. Meteor., 20, 214-6. 1981.
Reply. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1705-8. 1980. Lead author with J. Simpson,
D. W. Martin,
F. R. Mosher and R. F. Reinking.
Cloud measurements on day 245 of GATE. Atmos.-Ocean, 18, 207-26.
1980.
Deep convection on day 261 of GATE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 169-94.
1980.
Lead author with J. Simpson, G. Van Helvoirt, D. W. Martin, D.
Suchman,
and G. L. Austin.
Shallow convection on day 261 of GATE: Mesoscale arcs. Mon. Wea. Rev.,
107,
1617-35. 1979. Lead author with J. Simpson, D. W. Martin, D. Suchman,
F. R. Mosher and R. F. Reinking.
Photogrammetry from aircraft nose camera movies. J. Appl.Meteor., 17,
1416-20. 1978.
Statistics of radar echoes on day 261 of GATE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106,
983-94. 1978.
Lead author with G. L. Austin.
Collision frequencies of raindrops. IEEE Trans. Ant. Prop., AP-25,
583-5. 1977.
Scattering and depolarization of microwaves by spheroidal raindrops. Radio
Sci.,
11, 921-30. 1976. Lead author with A. Hizal.
Wave patterns with an Alberta hailstorm. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 57,
780-7. 1976. [The storm was probably affected by Pigeon Lake, of area 90 km(2). Compare with Stereo-pair paper of 2003]
Effects of shape and orientation of spheroidal raindrops on microwave
scattering.
Electronics Letters, 24 July 1975, 11, 328-30.
Measurements of rainfall and microwave attenuation by radar. Proc. Conf.
on
Env. Sensors and Applictns. IERE Conf. Proc. No. 29, 145-54.
1974.
Co-author with A. M. R. Al-Ubaidy, J. A. Edwards and T. Pratt.
Measurements of mamma. Weather, 28, 394-7. 1973.
Radar and photo studies of Alberta hailstorms. Weather, 28, 293-9.
1973.
Stereo-photogrammetry of cumulonimbus clouds. Quart J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 99,
105-13. 1973. Lead author with J. H. Renick, M. W. Balshaw and
R. H. Douglas.
Calculations of updraft shapes in storms. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1516-9.
1972.
Observations and theory of a hailstorm. J. Rech. Atmos., 6, 141-53.
1972.
Co-author with M. English and W. Hitschfeld.
Measurement of snowfall by optical attenuation. J. Appl. Meteor., 8,
110-21. 1969.
Lead author with K. L. S. Gunn.
(back)
Copyright Dr Charles Warner, Thirlestane Court, Tilford Rd,
Hindhead, Surrey, GU26 6SH, UK (Tel. 01428 608105)
Email jetsamoocow@clara.co.uk.